This study explores the motivational components within teacher rating systems and their impact on professional growth motivation. Employing a systematic review approach, it investigates texts pertaining to teacher rating systems, motivation, and professional development literature. By examining various texts and research findings on teacher motivation, factors influencing teacher ratings based on general, specialized, and professional competencies, as well as experience, are identified. Drawing parallels with Herzberg's motivational theory, this study provides recommendations to bolster teacher motivation and job satisfaction through improvements in the rating system.

teacher factors encompass the teachers’ cognitive and affective characteristics that are likely to affect their instructional efficacy. Language teacher immunity is one of the affective factors that determines the teachers’ psychological well-being in their settings. The present study strived to itemize the factors in novice and experienced EFL instructors’ teacher immunity philosophy. To this end, first, the researchers used convenience sampling for selecting 62 EFL teachers including 38 novice and 24 experienced teachers at ten prominent language institutes in Tabriz (Iran) as the participants. Second, they conducted 30-minute interviews with the participants for determining the factors that influenced their TI philosophy using a researcher-developed semi-structured interview protocol. Lastly, they used thematic analysis in order to particularize the main factors in their teacher immunity philosophy. The findings of the study indicated that while the novice teachers considered external support as the main factor in their philosophy, the experienced teachers regarded their internal strength as the decisive factor that influenced their teacher immunity philosophy. The findings may have practical implications for teacher education courses in foreign language contexts.

Background: In many cases, teacher's teaching has been successful, but since it does not teach his/her students and his favorite surface is hard. The courses teacher teaches are also overwhelmed by the course books.Objective: This objective of this study is to examine the alignment scores in evaluating teachers in different subjects.Methods: The study population was all of the courses which were evaluated in the first semester at Semnan University in the academic year of 1387-88. Thus, the first nine subjects from senior students using academic discipline, MC, level 5 (very difficult to very easy) resolution and a sample volume of 171 students was selected.Results: Results showed that the use of a single score for the comparison of performance evaluation forms for teachers is a good way and comparing the scores for teacher evaluation scores must be obtained, are aligned. In this study, to justify the scores of the two methods into a park and z were used.Conclusion: One of the reasons for non-alignment, differences in the type of student's evaluation of courses is the difficulty level courses.

Identifying what constitutes teacher effectiveness from learners’ perspectives is considered a significant factor in enhancing the learning process, particularly at the elementary level where teachers’ performance plays a pivotal role in learning outcomes. Effective English teaching at the elementary level demands knowledgeable teachers who can deal with low-level learners. The present study sought to examine the perceptions of Iranian EFL learners regarding teacher effectiveness at the elementary level. To this end, a grounded theory design was selected for it. The study sample included 50 male and female learners, selected via available sampling. To collect the data, a semi-structured interview was implemented. Data were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. The results revealed the following key perceptions, identified for learners’ perceptions: Creating a meaningful educational setting, integrating technology into teaching, parents' involvement, creating motivation through engagement, using collaborative learning, and the employment of L1 in the teaching and learning process. The findings have several implications for various stakeholders including EFL teachers, learners, teacher educators and curriculum developers in teacher education.

Job motivation enhances the ability of the teacher to enhance student efficiency in an organization as a college. This research aimed to determine the relationship between happiness and organizational climate with the motivation of teachers to the job. The present study is a descriptive-correlational one. The study sample consisted of 200 students (146 female students and 54 male students) chosen by cluster sampling method, the sample size at the second level was 20 students so that the answers of students to the organizational climate scale were engagement for each school and variables at the college level were calculated. teachers also replied to the motivation of the educators and to the happiness scales of the teacher. An unconditional HLM (Anova model with random effect) analysis was introduced to evaluate the information. The findings showed that the job motivation of the teacher was important among distinct colleges, and 62 percent of teacher motivation modifications were due to school differences and 38 percent owing to teacher level variables. This implies that teachers' motivation is affected by the classroom setting and the organizational climate of various schools. If the factors that lead to a favorable organizational environment and students' joy are given at college, the motivation of the students can be enhanced and their efficiency enhanced in the teaching process.

Background and Aims: Lasers with different characteristics have been used to stimulate orthodontic tooth movement. Considering the contradictory findings in this regard, this study was designed to assess the effect of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement.Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study, 12 patients (4 boys and 8 girls; average age: 16.9±3.4) with extracted upper first premolars and required canine retraction into extraction site were included. While in both sides canines were retracted by NiTi coil spring, one side was exposed to GaAlAs laser (890 nm). LLLT was done (on the buccal and palatal mucosa by slow movement of probe) at the beginning of the first month. Impression and cast fabrication performed at the beginning of retraction, one and two months later. The amount of retraction on the cast was measured with the aid of a reference plaque fabricated on the rogae using a digital caliper. Data were analyzed using paired sample T-test and one-sample Kolmogorov-Simirnov test.Results: There was no significant difference in the amounts of canine movement between laser exposed and control sides (P>0.05).Conclusion: The energy dose of laser used in this study (72 J per each tooth) was not appropriate for increasing dental movement.

The purpose of this study was to compare the physical fitness level between elementary school students under the supervision of a physical education (PE) teacher and those without PE teacher. For thi~ reason 128, elementary-school male students were selected randomly.They performed 540m and 4x9 m run, (with the average of 11.72±0.58 years, 1.41±0.40 m height and 30.83±7.24 kg weight) under the supervision of a PE teacher. Other 64 students (with the average of 11.41±0.61 years, 1.41±0.27 m height and 31.72±5.06 kg weight) did not have a PE teacher. Analyzing the data showed: There was a significant difference in abdominal muscle endurance (P=0.005) and agility (P=0.035) variables between the two groups, while authors could not find any significant difference in cardiovascular endurance (P=0.472), shoulder muscle endurance (P=0.181) and flexibility (P=0.472). However, the physical fitness level in students with PE teachers was in a better condition than those without a PE teacher (P= 0.028).

Introduction: In the current research, it has been tried to qualitatively study all kinds of policies and measures necessary for alignment between teacher preparation programs and democratic social education competencies under the model of teacher education curricula, which include: direct (official) curriculum, Indirect curriculum, informal curriculum (implicit) and unstructured curriculum (hidden) should be identified in the educational system. Method: Qualitative approach and phenomenological method were used in this research. The field of research is Farhangian University of Hormozgan and the participants are  13  lecturers of this university. The sampling method is a combination of convenience and snowball sampling. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. The information was analyzed using thematic analysis method and then using MAXQDA software... Result: The information was analyzed using the theme analysis method and then using MAXQDA software in the form of 2  overarching themes, 8 organizing themes and 25  basic themes. The results of this research showed the basic policies and measures for teacher preparation programs, in the form of two components, strategies and solutions of teacher training curricula, separated by curricula (formal, informal, informal, unstructured curriculum) and with the goal of preparing The formation of teachers has been identified in the educational system to realize the competencies of democratic social education. Conclusion: Therefore, examining the opportunities, facilities, and resources available to achieve these actions should be on the agenda of decision makers and educational planners. It is necessary to pay special attention to the strategies and solutions of teacher training curricula.

In order to properly understand the subsurface structures, the issue of inversion of geophysical data has received much attention from researchers. Since accurate reconstruction of the shape and boundaries of the mass using gravimetric data is very important in some issues, it is important to use an effective and efficient method that has a high ability to draw and reconstruct the boundaries of a mass. In recent years, the level set method introduced by Asher and Stein has been widely used to solve this problem. From the expansion of the level set function in some bases of the problem, the effective number of parameters is greatly reduced and an optimization problem is created which its behavior is better than the least squares problem. As a result, the level set parameterization method will be presented for the reconstruction of inversion models. A common advantage of the parametric level set method is the careful examination of the boundary for optimum sensitivities, which significantly reduces the dimensional problem, and many of the difficulties of traditional level set methods, such as regularization, reconstruction, and basis function. level set parameterization is performed by radial basis functions (RBF),which causes an optimal problem with an average number of parameters and high flexibility,and the computational and optimization process for Newton's method is more accurate and smooth. The model is described by the zero contour of a level-set function, which in turn is represented by a relatively small number of radial basis functions. This formulation includes some additional parameters such as the width of the radial basis functions and the smoothness of the Heaviside function. The latter is of particular importance as it controls the sensitivity to changes in the model. In this algorithm adaptively chooses the required smoothness parameter and tests the method on a suite of idealized Earth models. In this evolutionary approach, the reduction gradient method usually requires many iterations for convergence, and the functions are weakened for low-sensitivity problems. Although the use of Quasi-Newton methods to improve the level set function increases the degree of convergence, they are computationally challenging, and for large problems and relatively finer grids, a system of equations must be solved in each iteration. Moreover, based on the fact that the number of underlying parameters in a parametric approach is usually much less than the number of pixels resulting from the discretization of the level set function, we make a use of a Newton-type method to solve the underlying optimization problem. In this research, the algorithm is used to investigate its strengths and weaknesses for applying geophysical gravity data, coding and programming, and it is tested using several two-dimensional synthetic models. Finally, the method is tested on gravity data from the Mobrun ore body, north east of Noranda, Quebec, Canada. The results of this study show that the application of the optimization algorithm of the level set function will lead to a relatively more accurate and realistic detection of mass boundaries. It shows that the tested mass has spread from a depth of 10 meters to a depth of 160 meters.